Peptic Ulcer

• Peptic Ulcers are open sores in the stomach or duodenum, caused primarily by H. pylori infection or NSAID use.
• Common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea, which may worsen between meals or at night.
• Diagnosis often involves endoscopy and tests for H. pylori.
• Treatment typically involves antibiotics (for H. pylori) and acid-reducing medications like proton pump inhibitors (PPIs).
• Dietary adjustments, such as avoiding irritants and consuming balanced meals, can support healing and symptom management.

What Are Peptic Ulcers?

Peptic Ulcer refers to a break in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal tract that extends deeper than the superficial layer. They are most commonly found in the stomach (gastric ulcers) and the first part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). While less common, ulcers can also form in the esophagus. Globally, peptic ulcers affect millions of people, with a lifetime prevalence estimated to be around 5-10% of the population, according to various epidemiological studies.

The development of these ulcers is primarily due to an imbalance between aggressive factors, such as stomach acid and digestive enzymes, and defensive factors, including the mucus layer, bicarbonate production, and blood flow to the lining. When aggressive factors overwhelm the protective mechanisms, the lining becomes damaged, leading to ulcer formation.

Peptic Ulcer Symptoms and Causes

Understanding peptic ulcer symptoms causes is crucial for early diagnosis and effective management. The most common symptom is a burning pain in the abdomen, typically between the breastbone and the navel. This pain may be worse when the stomach is empty and can be temporarily relieved by eating certain foods or taking antacids. Other symptoms can vary in severity and presentation:

• Burning or gnawing stomach pain
• Bloating or a feeling of fullness
• Heartburn or acid reflux
• Nausea or vomiting
• Unexplained weight loss
• Dark or black stools (due to bleeding)
• Fatigue (from anemia due to chronic blood loss)

The two primary causes of peptic ulcers are infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). H. pylori infection is responsible for approximately 60% of gastric ulcers and 90% of duodenal ulcers. This bacterium weakens the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum, making it more susceptible to acid damage. NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can irritate the stomach lining and interfere with its ability to produce protective mucus and bicarbonate, leading to ulcer formation. Less common causes include Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which causes the stomach to produce too much acid.

Managing Peptic Ulcers: Treatment and Diet

When considering how to treat peptic ulcer, the approach depends on the underlying cause. For ulcers caused by H. pylori infection, treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce stomach acid. PPIs help the ulcer heal by reducing acid production, allowing the damaged tissue to recover. If NSAIDs are the cause, discontinuing their use is often the first step, along with acid-reducing medications. In some cases, protective medications that coat the ulcer, such as sucralfate, may also be prescribed. It is essential to complete the full course of medication prescribed by a healthcare professional to ensure complete healing and prevent recurrence.

Alongside medical treatment, specific peptic ulcer diet recommendations can play a supportive role in managing symptoms and promoting healing. While diet alone cannot cure an ulcer, avoiding irritants and choosing nutrient-rich foods can significantly improve comfort and recovery. General dietary advice includes:

• Avoid Irritants: Limit or avoid alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, and acidic foods (like citrus and tomatoes) that can exacerbate symptoms.
• Eat Smaller, Frequent Meals: This can help maintain a more consistent pH level in the stomach and prevent excessive acid buildup.
• Choose Bland Foods: Opt for easily digestible foods such as whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables.
• Increase Fiber Intake: Foods rich in fiber, like oats, apples, and carrots, can help regulate digestion.
• Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water is important for overall digestive health.

It is important to note that while dietary changes can help manage symptoms, they do not replace medical treatment. Always consult with a healthcare provider for a comprehensive treatment plan.