Endocervix

• The endocervix is the inner lining of the cervical canal, connecting the uterus to the vagina.
• It produces mucus that changes consistency throughout the menstrual cycle, aiding sperm transport and acting as a barrier.
• Its columnar epithelial cells are distinct from the ectocervix, forming a transformation zone where many cervical changes occur.
• Conditions affecting the endocervix include inflammation (endocervicitis), polyps, and various forms of dysplasia or cancer.
• Regular gynecological check-ups, including Pap tests, are important for monitoring endocervical health.

What is the Endocervix?

Endocervix refers to the inner portion of the cervix, the narrow canal that forms the lower part of the uterus and extends into the vagina. This canal is lined with a specific type of glandular tissue known as columnar epithelium. It serves as a critical gateway, regulating the passage of substances between the uterus and the vagina, and plays a significant role in reproductive processes and protection against infection.

Endocervix Anatomy, Location, and Function

The endocervix anatomy and location describe its position within the cervical canal, which is the passage through the cervix. It is situated superior to the ectocervix (the outer part of the cervix visible during a pelvic exam) and inferior to the uterine cavity. The junction between the endocervix and the ectocervix is called the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ), or transformation zone, which is particularly important as it is the site where most cervical cancers originate.

The primary endocervix function and purpose is multifaceted, primarily involving the production of cervical mucus. This mucus changes in consistency throughout the menstrual cycle, influenced by hormonal fluctuations:

• During ovulation: The mucus becomes thin, clear, and stretchy, facilitating the passage of sperm into the uterus.
• During other phases and pregnancy: The mucus is thick and forms a plug, acting as a barrier to prevent bacteria and other pathogens from entering the uterus, thereby protecting against infection.

The endocervix also contributes to the immune defense of the reproductive tract.

Endocervix Health Information and Conditions

Maintaining good endocervix health information is crucial for overall reproductive well-being. The endocervix can be affected by various conditions, ranging from benign changes to more serious diseases. Common conditions include:

• Endocervicitis: Inflammation of the endocervix, often caused by infections (e.g., chlamydia, gonorrhea) or non-infectious irritants. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, or bleeding.
• Cervical Polyps: Benign growths that can arise from the endocervical canal. They are usually harmless but can cause abnormal bleeding and may be removed if symptomatic.
• Cervical Dysplasia: Abnormal cell changes in the endocervix, often detected during a Pap test. These changes can be low-grade or high-grade and, if left untreated, may progress to cervical cancer. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a primary cause of cervical dysplasia.
• Cervical Cancer: While most cervical cancers originate in the transformation zone, adenocarcinoma of the cervix specifically arises from the glandular cells of the endocervix. Regular screening, such as Pap tests and HPV tests, is vital for early detection and prevention. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cervical cancer is a preventable and curable disease if detected early and managed effectively.

Regular gynecological examinations are essential for monitoring endocervical health. These examinations often include a Pap test, which screens for abnormal cells, and sometimes an HPV test. Early detection and treatment of precancerous lesions can significantly reduce the risk of developing cervical cancer.